The former football player, who notably played for Manchester City and Newcastle in the height of his career, accused Vine of being a paedophile.
Barton also claimed the TV presenter advocated for "forced vaccinations" during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
"Between 8 and 12 January 2024, I published 11 posts accusing Jeremy Vine of having a sexual interest in children and created a hashtag with the same accusations which was viewed millions of times," Barton said in a social media post.
"I recognise that this is a very serious accusation. It is untrue. I do not believe Vine has a sexual interest in children and I want to set the record straight.
"During the same period, I also published posts in which I referred to Vine as an advocate of forced vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic. He hasn't done that either," the post, in-part, concluded.
Barton has also agreed to pay £75,000 in damages to Vine, as well as his legal costs.
Since the end of his career in football, Barton has made repeated disparaging remarks about women in football - both as players and as pundits.
His most recent job was the managerial seat at Bristol Rovers, but he was sacked after an underwhelming start to the 2023/24 season.
